Decline of ukrainian statehood and culture (1712-1783) Report Lipich Vitalii Form 11-V School 1 Lutsk 2002
    After defeat of Mazepa, tsar Peter intensified his efforts to subjugate Ukraine. Hetman Skoropadskyi had his powers restricted by Russian supervisors. His residence was transferred from Baturyn to Hlukhow near Russian border, where two Russian garrisons were stationed to ensure his loyalty to Moscow.
    Ukrainian population became burdened by plundering Russian military units, dispersed throughout the country. Cossacks were sent to work on construction of canals near St Petersburg, connecting river Volga with Baltic Sea, where they died in thousands from hunger, exhaustion and sickness. Many Cossack colonels were replaced by Russian nationals.
    In 1722, tsar appointed a council called "Little Russian Collegiate", controlled by senior Russian officers and headed by brigadier Velmyaninow, to monitor and audit hetman's activities and decisions. This, for practical purposes, transferred all powers to Russians, leaving Cossack hetman and his officers only with empty titles.
    Hetman Skoropadskyi was very upset by such situation; he became ill and died in 1722. tsar Peter used this opportunity to abolish the office of hetman altogether. He directed Cossack colonel Polubotok to perform hetman's duties under supervision of Velmyaninow and refused to agree to Cossack requests to elect new hetman.
    Russian occupiers continued to persecute and impoverish Ukrainian population. They kept sending more Cossacks to work on construction of canals, connecting Caspian Sea with Baltic Sea, where some 20000 Cossacks perished during years 1721 to 1725.
    Polubotok was an honest and energetic man. He managed to improve law and order within Cossack establishment and to improve living conditions of the population. However this did not please Russian authorities, who relied on disorder and corruption to maintain their grip on Ukraine. They feared Polubotok's growing popularity and his efforts to re establish Hetmanate.
    Velmyaninow complained to tsar that Polubotok was not complying with his directives. Consequently Polubotok was arrested and interrogated under torture in Petropavlowsk fort, near St Petersburg. He died there, as a martyr for Ukrainian cause in autumn 1724, in spite of tsar's belated efforts to save him and to reconcile with Cossacks. tsar Peter died soon after, at the beginning of year 1725.
    Ukraine was thus left at the mercy of Velmyaninow and his henchmen. As for Cossack colonels, some were in prison near St Petersburg and others, who were not already replaced by Russians, kept quiet and to scared to resist.
    tsar Peter was succeeded by his wife Catherine. Faced with possible war with Turkey, she needed Cossacks and wanted to return to them some of their former freedoms. However she faced a stiff opposition from the "old guard" in Russian government, therefore Cossacks received only few minor concessions. Catherine died in spring 1727 and the grandson of tsar Peter, Peter II became the emperor of Russia.
    The new Russian government sacked Velmyaninow and his "Little Russian Collegiate", released Cossack colonels from jail and appointed 70 year old Danylo Apostol as Cossack hetman. On 1st October 1727 Apostol was formally accepted by Cossacks by ceremonious election in Hlukhow.
    Although reporting to Russian "resident" Naumow, new hetman managed to carry out considerable improvements in Ukrainian situation. His loyalty to Moscow was ensured by presence of one of his sons as virtual hostage in St Petersburg.
    tsar Peter II died in 1730 and his aunt tsarina Anna became the ruler of Russia. When hetman Apostol fell ill and became paralyzed, she refused to hand over his powers to Cossacks and ordered Russian "resident", prince Shakhowski to form a council, consisting mainly of Russians, to take over. Hetman Apostol died in January 1734 and later in that year Zaporozhtsi in Sitch decided to come over from Turkish to Russian side.
    With Ukraine becoming almost a province of Russia, russianization of political, religious and cultural life intensified. Intermarriages with Russians were encouraged and any efforts to regain independence were brutally suppressed. Cossack colonels were kept under constant observation and subjected to house Searches at the slightest sign of disloyalty. Even any attempts to obtain justice were punished; when, in 1737, Kyiv's city counselors tried to defend their rights against Russian excesses, they were all jailed. Things were so bad, that when in 1740 an English general Keith was temporarily appointed in place of a Russian administrator, people were amazed by his human behavior and tolerance.
    Times were hard for the top layer of Ukrainian society, but even harder for middle and lower classes and peasants, who suffered most from Russian exploitation. Cossacks were being forced to fight for Russia against Turks, Tatars and Poles for small rewards, and often for nothing.
    Under such circumstances, yearning for the return of Hetmanate autonomy persisted. The possibility of this to happen occurred after the end of war with Turkey in 1740 and death of tsarina Anna in 1741. A short regency of Anna II was terminated by a palace revolution, whereupon the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth was installed on Russian throne.
    Elizabeth was sympathetic to Ukrainian cause because, prior to becoming tsarina, she befriended and fell in love with a handsome son of a Cossack court choir singer, Oleksiy Rozumowskyi. She married him after her coronation.
    While visiting Kyiv in 1744, she agreed to promote Cossacks' request to re install hetman's office and proposed Oleksiy's younger brother Kyrylo Rozumowskyi for this position. ............